Foreign Trade Zones/Free Ports There are four free-trade zones in Germany established and operated under EU law: Bremerhaven, Cuxhaven, Deggendorf and Duisburg. These duty-free zones within ports also permit value-added processing and manufacturing for EU-external markets, albeit with certain requirements. All of them are open to both domestic and foreignRead More →
Works councils At the company level, works councils represent the interests of workers vis-à-vis their employers. A works council may be elected in all private companies employing at least five people. The rights of the works council include the right to be informed, to be consulted, and to participate inRead More →
Collective bargaining Collective bargaining agreements concluded in 2013 provided nominal pay increases on the same high level as in 2012. On average, negotiated wages increased by 2.7% in 2013, ranging from 2.3% in the retail industry, up to 3.5% for workers in the energy and water supply industry. With anRead More →
Agreements are governed by law The constitution and enabling legislation protect the right to collective bargaining, and agreements are governed by law. The coverage of collective agreements has been declining for decades. Collective bargaining agreements in 2012 covered approximately 58% of all employees, 60% of the labor force in theRead More →
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